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Authors
Zeru, Fikre https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9440-0675
Tessema, Tesfaye Sisay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4103-5029
Adamu, Haileeyesus https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2998-5977
Boqvist, Sofia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8072-7132
Hansson, Ingrid https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3764-2341
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Article History
Received: 1 April 2026
Accepted: 4 November 2026
First Online: 7 November 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki [80] and received Ethical approval from Institutional Review Board of the Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University (Approval No. IOB/LB/2016/2024). Caregivers were informed about the study objectives in their local language and voluntary verbal consent was obtained and recorded. Cattle fecal and carcass samples were collected from animals presented for routine commercial slaughter at the Addis Ababa Abattoir Enterprise, with the permission of the abattoir authorities. No animals were purchased or slaughtered for the purpose of this study. Fecal samples were collected rectally by trained personnel using sterile gloves during routine antemortem procedures before slaughter. Butcher shop samples were collected with the permission of the shop owners. No individual or sample identities are disclosed.
Consent for publication: N/A.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
