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Article History

Received: 25 September 2018

Accepted: 7 January 2020

First Online: 17 January 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The study was approved by the local ethics committee (Institutional Review Board of the Technical University of Munich; Registration number: 222/14) and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all subjects prior to study inclusion.

: Not applicable.

: NS received honoraria from Nexstim Plc (Helsinki, Finland). SK is consultant for Nexstim Plc (Helsinki, Finland) and received honoraria from Medtronic (Meerbusch, Germany) and Carl Zeiss Meditec (Oberkochen, Germany). SK and BM received research grants and are consultants for Brainlab AG (Munich, Germany). BM received honoraria, consulting fees, and research grants from Medtronic (Meerbusch, Germany), Icotec ag (Altstätten, Switzerland), and Relievant Medsystems Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA, USA), honoraria and research grants from Ulrich Medical (Ulm, Germany), honoraria and consulting fees from Spineart Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany) and DePuy Synthes (West Chester, PA, USA), and royalties from Spineart Deutschland GmbH (Frankfurt, Germany). However, all authors declare that they have no competing interests regarding the materials used or the results presented in this study.