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Article History

Received: 20 November 2024

Accepted: 29 May 2025

First Online: 4 June 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in full compliance with institutional, national, and international ethical standards. Plant materials were sourced from publicly available resources, including authorized collections and databases, ensuring adherence to relevant legal and regulatory frameworks. No specific permits were required for the collection and analysis of Eleutherococcus senticosus samples. All experimental procedures were approved by the ethical committee of Jiangsu University, ensuring rigorous oversight of the research methodology. The study did not involve endangered or protected species, and all sampling followed sustainable and ethical practices.

: All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication. No individual or identifiable personal data is included in this study, and as such, specific consent for publication from individuals is not applicable. The authors affirm that the work is original and has not been submitted or published elsewhere.

: The authors declare no competing interests.