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Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 12 January 2026

First Online: 28 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Plant material of coffea arabica used in this study was collected from the greenhouse facilities of Southwest Forestry University, which are owned and managed by the institution for research purposes. All sampling was conducted in compliance with the institution’s internal research guidelines, and no specific permissions or licenses were required as the collection was carried out within the institution’s own controlled research environment for scientific investigation.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.