Aditama, Redi https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2216-8798
Siregar, Heri Adriwan https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1116-3717
Tanjung, Zulfikar Achmad https://orcid.org/0009-0009-0820-6517
Dinarti, Diny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-5476
Ardie, Sintho Wahyuning https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0563-1373
Suwarno, Willy Bayuardi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7189-7906
Liwang, Tony https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1901-6410
Suprianto, Edy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3395-8621
Romero, Hernan Mauricio https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0760-2296
Utomo, Condro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8845-9195
Sudarsono, Sudarsono https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4688-5628
Funding for this research was provided by:
Indonesian Plantation Fund Management Agency (GRS_20220227110350)
Indonesian Plantation Fund Management Agency (GRS_20220227110350)
Indonesian Plantation Fund Management Agency (GRS_20220227110350)
Indonesian Plantation Fund Management Agency (GRS_20220227110350)
Article History
Received: 14 February 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 25 June 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.