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Article History

Received: 8 April 2026

Accepted: 9 July 2026

First Online: 14 July 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in five forest districts: Olkusz, Koniecpol, Włoszczowa, Przedbórz, and Smardzewice in Poland, with formal permission granted by the respective forest districts acting as land managers of the study sites. All aspects of the study complied with institutional, national, and international guidelines. Sampling was carried out on public land managed by the State Forests (Lasy Państwowe, Poland), in accordance with applicable forest management regulations. All sampling activities were conducted under the authority of the relevant forest districts. No additional permits or licenses were required for material collection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.