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Authors
Cai, Yuzhu
Yang, Mingwen
Liu, Xinghui
Zhang, Lingli
Wang, Jun
Sun, Yingying
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Article History
Received: 29 October 2024
Accepted: 2 April 2025
First Online: 10 April 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Anhui Children’s Hospital Ethics Committee (Ethics Number: ETYY-2022-025). Informed consent was obtained from all participants or their legal guardians prior to participation in the study. The purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study were explained to each participant, and written informed consent was obtained. For participants under the age of 18, informed consent was obtained from their parents or legal guardians. All personal data were handled confidentially, and all efforts were made to ensure the privacy and anonymity of the participants throughout the study. It was registered with the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ) with registration number: ChiCTR2300072599, registration date: 2023-06-19.
: This study does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including any individual details, images or videos) that compromise anonymity. Therefore, it is not applicable to include a consent for publication statement in this section.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: a. What is already known about the topic: Caudal block anesthesia, particularly when combined with general anesthesia, has been shown to effectively reduce postoperative pain and limit immunosuppression in pediatric surgeries by lowering the release of stress hormones and inflammatory mediators.b. What new information this study adds: This study demonstrates that the combination of hydromorphone with ropivacaine for caudal block anesthesia results in superior postoperative pain relief and a faster recovery of immune function, as indicated by higher levels of T lymphocyte subsets (CD3 + , CD4 + , and CD4 + /CD8 + ratios) compared to ropivacaine alone.
: In accordance with BMC Series editorial policies, this study adheres to the CONSORT guidelines for reporting clinical trials. A completed CONSORT checklist is available as a supplementary file.
