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Article History

Received: 7 July 2025

Accepted: 10 October 2025

First Online: 10 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University. The study was approved by the Human Research Ethics Committee (MURA2020/927, May 28, 2020) and conducted through May 27, 2021. The study was registered in the Thai Clinical Trial Registry (registration No: TCTR20210204003, Date of registration: February 4th, 2021). The study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration (WMA Declaration of Helsinki, 2013).“Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.”

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.