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Authors
Wei, Jie https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8214-9276
Li, Yanyan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9354-647X
Wu, Hao https://orcid.org/0009-0005-4282-0925
Shan, Tao https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4933-0460
Yang, Wengbo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7956-5025
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University
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Article History
Received: 28 September 2024
Accepted: 11 October 2025
First Online: 4 December 2025
Declarations
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: This research received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee of Nanjing First Hospital, approval number KY20211224-06, which was granted on December 24, 2021. All participants provided informed consent to participate in this study.
: All participants provided written informed consent for the publication of anonymized data related to this study. No identifiable personal information will be disclosed in the manuscript, and all efforts will be made to ensure the confidentiality of participant identities.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
: I have obtained permission to reproduce the material from other sources.
