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Article History

Received: 3 May 2025

Accepted: 27 October 2025

First Online: 21 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University (Ethics Review No.: [PJ-KS-KY-2025-233]). Given the retrospective nature of this cohort study, all patient information was meticulously anonymized. The processing of patient data adhered strictly to medical ethics guidelines and privacy protection principles to ensure ethical compliance and data security throughout the research process.Regarding consent to participate, as the study utilized retrospectively collected data from the hospital’s electronic medical record system and inpatient record system, and patient identities were fully anonymized, individual informed consent for participation was waived by the Ethics Committee. This approach was in line with ethical and legal requirements for research involving anonymized data. All procedures in this study were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant national and institutional committees and with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: All authors have read and understood the publication terms, reviewed the final manuscript, and consent to its submission to this journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.