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Article History

Received: 22 June 2025

Accepted: 5 November 2025

First Online: 14 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The institutional ethics committee of the Canton of Bern (Kantonale Ethikkommission für die Forschung, Murtenstrasse 31, Bern, Switzerland) approved the original EPOCAS Study (KEK210/15) on the 4 November 2015 and waived the requirement for written informed consent of patients or the next of kin. This approval also covers this retrospective analysis. The trial was registered on 19 October 2016 at ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT02976584). Individual patients cannot be identified based on the data includedin this study. Electronic records from the years 2016-2017 were included for analysis.This manuscript adheres to the applicable STROBE guidelines. This study adheres to the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: Matthias Kreuzer is named as an inventor for a patent dealing with spectral EEG features and age (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/914,183). Gerhard Schneider and Matthias Kreuzer are named inventors for a patent filed on a novel method for intraoperative EEG monitoring (U.S. Patent Application Serial No. 62/960,947). Gerhard Schneider, Matthias Kreuzer, and Stephan Kratzer are also inventors for a patent dealing with EEG features during anaesthesia emergence (U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63/459,294). Matthias Kreuzer received funding from Masimo Corporation, Narcotrend-Gruppe, Medtronic GmbH, and Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH for conducting EEG-based training for anaesthesiologists. Darren Hight received speaking honoraria from Medtronic GmbH. Stefan Schwerin received funding from Fresenius Kabi Deutschland GmbH for conducting EEG-based training for anaesthesiologists. Heiko Kaiser and Max Ebensperger declare no conflict of interest.