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Authors
Mashak, Banafsheh https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1057-7041
Mafakheri, Azin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4759-2615
Dashtkoohi, Mohadese https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3579-4181
Pourbahrighesmat, Shamim https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7251-1938
Zareie, Dorsa https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7459-4074
Hatamian, Sevak
Arman, Mojgan
Rezaeinejad, Mahroo
Ghaemi, Marjan https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2306-7112
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Article History
Received: 28 March 2025
Accepted: 17 November 2025
First Online: 8 January 2026
Declarations
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: This prospective cohort study was conducted at Kamali Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Science, from April 2021 to February 2022. The study commenced after obtaining approval from the university ethics committee (IR.ABZUMS.REC.1400.173). Written informed consent was obtained from all mothers before participation.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
