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Authors
Xiao, Hongyan
Xiao, Yanan
Feng, Lili
Shen, Yilei
Han, Liu
Wang, Yingjie
Cai, Yirong
Jia, Ji’e
Wu, Peixia
Han, Yuan
Li, Wenxian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202240315)
the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82271295)
the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai (23ZR1409300)
Continuing Education Programs of Shanghai Medical College Fudan University (FDYXYBJ-20222004)
Perioperative Airway Refinement Management Programs of the Health Human Resources Development Center, National Health Commission (RCLX2315001)
Global Development Programs of Fudan University (IDH6282016/049)
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Article History
Received: 13 July 2025
Accepted: 12 December 2025
First Online: 26 December 2025
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of Shanghai Eye & ENT Hospital of Fudan University on January 19, 2023 (Approval No. 2023007).The study protocol was prospectively registered with ChiCTR prior to patient enrollment.Written informed consent was obtained from all patients prior to enrollment in the study.
: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants (or their legal guardians) for participation in the study. The manuscript contains no personally identifiable information. A Chinese-language sample consent form is provided as additional file.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
