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Article History

Received: 10 September 2025

Accepted: 25 December 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China (Approval number: 2025-KY-0052) in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study, and all patient data were anonymized and de-identified prior to analysis. Moreover, this retrospective cohort study was conducted based on a review of electronic medical records and did not require prospective registration as a clinical trial.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.