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Article History

Received: 3 October 2025

Accepted: 7 January 2026

First Online: 23 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted at Absorption Systems California, LLC (ASC), a Pharmaron Company. The protocol was approved by ASC’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) on March 22, 2022 under IACUC protocol number 22C627Q, and all procedures were conducted in accordance with the National Research Council’s Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (8th edition) and the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2020).Animals were sedated with telazol (4–6 mg/kg IM) and xylazine (2 mg/kg IM) for induction and maintained under continuous deep anesthesia with isoflurane (1–3%) throughout all procedures. Depth of anesthesia was confirmed by the absence of corneal and pedal reflexes before each cycle. Following completion of data collection, animals were euthanized while still under deep anesthesia by intravenous administration of potassium chloride (2 mEq/kg IV).

: Not applicable.

: Chris Salvino is the CEO of SharpMed, LLC, the manufacturer of the Turbo ® O₂ Cap, and the inventor of the device described in this manuscript. The study was funded by SharpMed, LLC. The other authors (Robert B. Goodwin, DO, and Brion Benninger, MD) declare that they have no competing interests.