Document is current

Article History

Received: 7 September 2025

Accepted: 28 January 2026

First Online: 4 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Ethics Committee and of the Doctoral Committee of the Department of Medicine at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University Frankfurt (No. 405/16, 10/2016). Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before inclusion in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine & Pain Therapy of the University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University received support from B. Braun Melsungen, Melsungen (Germany), CSL Behring, Hattersheim (Germany), Fresenius Kabi, Bad Homburg (Germany), and Vifor Pharma, Munich (Germany) for the implementation of Frankfurt‘s Patient Blood Management program.KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics, Boston (USA) and Vifor, Munich (Germany) and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Hattersheim (Germany), Masimo, Irvine (USA), Pharmacosmos, Copenhagen (Denmark), Boston Scientific, Düsseldorf (Germany), Salus, Bruckmühl (Germany), iSEP, Nantes (France), Edwards, Munich (Germany), Hemosonics, Asnières-sur-Seine (France) and GE Healthcare, Düsseldorf (Germany). He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). Partner for EU Horizon 2023 project EDiHTA.KZ leads as CEO the Christoph Lohfert Foundation, Hamburg (Germany) as as well as the Health, Patient Safety & PBM Foundation, Bad Homburg (Germany). PH received a research award from Vogel-Foundation and is a member of the Clinician Scientist Programme, Wuerzburg. WOB received consultation fees from Terumo. He also received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AOK, Astellas, BDC, Chiesi, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Else-Kröner Stiftung, Gesundheit ÖsterreichGmbH, Gore Deutschland, Hessisches Ministerium für Soziales und Intergration, Landesärztekammer Hessen, Landesärztekammer Saarlan, MCIAcademy, Sanofi-Aventis. Furthermore, he received support for attending meetings from Astellas, Charité Berlin, Chiesi, DGAV , DGCh, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Senologie, DeutscherÄrzteverlag, Deutscher Krebskongress, Gore Deutschland, HopScotch Paris, Interplan, Landesärztekammer Hessen, MCN, medupdate GmbH, Sanofi-Aventi; participate on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Terumo and is a past President of Deutsche Gesellschaft fürAllgemein-und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV). TS received Travel Grants from the Japanese Surgical Society and from German Society for General and Visceral Surgery.

: KZ has received honoraria for participation in advisory board meetings for Haemonetics, Boston (USA) and Vifor, Munich (Germany) and received speaker fees from CSL Behring, Hattersheim (Germany), Masimo, Irvine (USA), Pharmacosmos, Copenhagen (Denmark), Boston Scientific, Düsseldorf (Germany), Salus, Bruckmühl (Germany), iSEP, Nantes (France), Edwards, Munich (Germany), Hemosonics, Asnières-sur-Seine (France) and GE Healthcare, Düsseldorf (Germany). He is the Principal Investigator of the EU-Horizon 2020 project ENVISION (Intelligent plug-and-play digital tool for real-time surveillance of COVID-19 patients and smart decision-making in Intensive Care Units) and Horizon Europe 2021 project COVend (Biomarker and AI-supported FX06 therapy to prevent progression from mild and moderate to severe stages of COVID-19). Partner for EU Horizon 2023 project EDiHTA.

: KZ leads as CEO the Christoph Lohfert Foundation, Hamburg (Germany) as as well as the Health, Patient Safety & PBM Foundation, Bad Homburg (Germany).

: PH received a research award from Vogel-Foundation and is a member of the Clinician Scientist Programme, Wuerzburg.

: WOB received consultation fees from Terumo. He also received honoraria for lectures, presentations, speakers bureaus, manuscript writing or educational events from AOK, Astellas, BDC, Chiesi, Deutscher Ärzteverlag, Else-Kröner Stiftung, Gesundheit ÖsterreichGmbH, Gore Deutschland, Hessisches Ministerium für Soziales und Intergration, Landesärztekammer Hessen, Landesärztekammer Saarlan, MCIAcademy, Sanofi-Aventis. Furthermore, he received support for attending meetings from Astellas, Charité Berlin, Chiesi, DGAV, DGCh, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Senologie, DeutscherÄrzteverlag, Deutscher Krebskongress, Gore Deutschland, HopScotch Paris, Interplan, Landesärztekammer Hessen, MCN, medupdate GmbH, Sanofi-Aventi; participate on a Data Safety Monitoring Board or Advisory Board for Terumo and is a past President of Deutsche Gesellschaft fürAllgemein-und Viszeralchirurgie (DGAV).

: TS received Travel Grants from the Japanese Surgical Society and from German Society for General and Visceral Surgery.