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Authors
Hemtanon, Nattachai
Raykateeraroj, Nattaya
Kongsayreepong, Suneerat
Yuyen, Thassayu
Boorapapon, Pasith
Hikasa, Yukiko
Lao-amornphunkul, Suchanun
Kitisin, Nuanprae
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Mahidol University
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Article History
Received: 23 October 2025
Accepted: 13 February 2026
First Online: 21 February 2026
Declarations
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: The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was reviewed and approved by the Siriraj Institutional Review Board, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (approval number: COA Si 386/2023). It was registered with the Thai Clinical Trials Registry (TCTR20230704005).Because some critically ill patients were unable to provide consent at enrollment due to impaired consciousness or acute illness, written informed consent was obtained from their legal representatives prior to participation. When patients subsequently regained decision-making capacity, written re-consent was obtained directly from the patients.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
