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Article History

Received: 25 March 2026

Accepted: 25 June 2026

First Online: 30 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The INSPIRE database was constructed under ethics approval from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of Seoul National University Hospital (IRB approval number 1809-113-975). Individual patient consent was waived by the IRB, given the retrospective nature of the registry and the complete de-identification of all records prior to public release. The current study constitutes a secondary analysis of fully de-identified, publicly accessible data and therefore did not require independent ethical review or additional patient consent under the applicable institutional and national regulations. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (2013 revision) and is reported in conformity with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines for cohort studies.

: Not applicable. This study is a secondary analysis of the fully de-identified, publicly available INSPIRE dataset and contains no individual-level identifying images or personal or clinical details.

: The authors declare no competing interests.