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Authors
Yang, Xiaomei
Qu, Dongdong
Ren, Yiyan
Guo, Yaqiu
Wang, Jianpeng
Wu, Jianbo
Fei, Jianchun
Wang, Zhigang
Liu, Dejie
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Special funds for comfortable medical anesthesia optimization of Shandong Provincial Medical Association (YXH2021ZX015)
China Scholarship Council (201706225023)
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Article History
Received: 26 January 2026
Accepted: 20 July 2026
First Online: 23 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University (approval no. KYLL-2017-077). All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the Institutional Research Committee and the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before enrollment.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
