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Article History

Received: 8 November 2024

Accepted: 5 December 2024

First Online: 20 December 2024

Declarations

:

: The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by University of Washington Institutional Review Board. The Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shanxi Medical University waived ethical approval for this study, as all data was obtained directly from the database, and written informed consent from the legal guardians or close relatives of the subjects was not required. Concerning legal provisions: Article 32 of the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, released by the People’s Republic of China: The ethical assessment for studies utilizing data or biological samples from human subjects may be waived under certain conditions, provided there is no harm to individuals, no sensitive information is involved, and no commercial interests are present.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.