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Authors
Guo, Jiaxing
Zhang, Zhongchen
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Article History
Received: 7 April 2025
Accepted: 4 June 2025
First Online: 3 July 2025
Declarations
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: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Shandong University Hospital (Approval No. 2024 [0412]). All procedures were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. The requirement for informed consent was waived by the ethics committee due to the retrospective and anonymized nature of the study (in accordance with Article 32 of the Declaration of Helsinki, the ICMJE Recommendations). All data handling adhered to China’s Personal Information Protection Law and institutional privacy policies.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
