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Carotid intima–media thickness and endothelial function in adolescents exposed to alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking in utero: a mediation analysis

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-025-05010-1

Published Online: 2025-08-07

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Hartel, Tammy https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2154-5379
Sandoo, Aamer

Oelofse, André

De Smidt, Juléy
Funding

Funding for this research was provided by:

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, South Africa
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-08-07

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Article History

Received: 11 January 2025

Accepted: 30 June 2025

First Online: 7 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Western Cape (Ethics Reference Number: BM21/9/16). Informed consent was obtained from both the woman or legal guardian and child involved in the study. Written consent was also obtained from both the mother or legal guardian and child before they participated in the study.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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