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Authors
Lu, Ting
Yang, Zhe
Zhang, Peipei
Zhu, Haiyan
Chu, Qiao
Jing, Limei
Sun, Wanju
Shi, Jianwei
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai Municipality (71603182)
the Family Planning Health Scientific Research Project of Shanghai Pudong New Area Health Commission (PW2019D-14)
the Soft Science Project of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (24692113600)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2025
Accepted: 9 July 2025
First Online: 14 August 2025
Declarations
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: The study was conducted according to the guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of Tongji University (reference: LL-2016-ZRKX-017). Individual patient consent was waived as only retrospective, anonymized data were used. This study has the lowest risk of harm to participants, and the data were collected anonymously. Descriptive analysis was authorized. None of the patient’s personal information included in the database was available to individuals outside the research team.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
