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Authors
Wu, Xing
Shi, Jianjun
Liu, Qiang
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Article History
Received: 21 April 2025
Accepted: 14 July 2025
First Online: 7 August 2025
Declarations
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: This study complied with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The NHANES protocol was approved by the Ethics Review Committee of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment. Ethical review for this secondary analysis was exempted as only de-identified, publicly available data were used.
: Not applicable. This study utilized anonymized data from the NHANES database, and no individual identifiers are included in the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Not applicable.
