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Authors
Zhang, Jian
Xie, Linfeng
Zhu, Jianjun
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Article History
Received: 10 June 2025
Accepted: 18 August 2025
First Online: 26 September 2025
Declarations
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: The use of the MIMIC-IV and eICU databases was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (2001-P-001699/14) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (No. 0403000206). In both databases, all patient data were de-identified, and the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the respective IRBs. This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The submitted manuscript has been read and approved by all authors.
: No conflicts of interest were declared by the authors in this work.
