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Authors
Lin, Cheng-Chieh
Li, Chia-Ing
Liu, Chiu-Shong
Lin, Chih-Hsueh
Yang, Shing-Yu
Li, Tsai-Chung
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Article History
Received: 27 June 2025
Accepted: 1 September 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and approved by the Ethical Review Board of China Medical University Hospital (CMUH113-REC1-216). Informed consent of the study participants was not required because the dataset used in this study consists of de-identified secondary data released for research purposes.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
