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Article History

Received: 3 February 2025

Accepted: 3 September 2025

First Online: 21 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Ethical approval for the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI) was granted by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and the International Institute of Population Sciences (IIPS), Mumbai. LASI obtained informed written consent from all participants prior to data collection. This study is a secondary analysis of anonymized, publicly available LASI Wave 1 data. All data sources have been properly acknowledged and cited. The research was conducted in compliance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.