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Authors
Albalushi, Manal Abdullah https://orcid.org/0009-0001-4353-0314
Neshat-Mokadem, Leila
Al-Mawaali, Ghalib
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Article History
Received: 14 July 2025
Accepted: 23 September 2025
First Online: 24 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Health Studies and Research Approval Committee at the Ministry of Health in Muscat, Oman (Reference: MOH/CSR/22/25991, dated 30 June 2022). Additional approval was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom, on 18 May 2022, as part of the first author’s master’s thesis project. The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. As this was a retrospective study utilizing anonymized patient data obtained from the hospital information system, no direct contact with participants occurred. Therefore, individual informed consent was not required, as confirmed by both ethics’ committees.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
