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Authors
Jiang, Guibao https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7020-1267
Cheng, Erjing https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3547-1891
Pan, Liya https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2980-8633
Li, Jianqiang https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2629-3887
Ding, Rong https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9265-8330
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Article History
Received: 28 May 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 10 November 2025
Declarations
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: Approval for using the MIMIC-IV database was obtained from the IRBs of both MIT and BIDMC. The MIMIC database’s existing ethical approval applies to the data in this study, eliminating the requirement for additional ethical approval or informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
