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Authors
Yao, Fengwei
Yang, Fan
Chen, Xiaolan
Liu, Lei
He, Zhijun
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 6 October 2025
First Online: 7 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted using the publicly available Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database. Access to the database was granted after completing the required training and obtaining certification (Certification Number: 65083321). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). All patient data in the MIMIC-IV database are de-identified, and the requirement for informed consent was waived due to the retrospective nature of the study and the use of an anonymized public database.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
