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Authors
Zhang, Chun-Juan
Liu, Min-Xia
Wu, Mei-Zhen
Zhou, Xi-Cheng
Ma, Xiao-Dong
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the medical and health research project of Zhejiang province (2025KY373, 2024KY458)
Youth Science and Technology Talent Program of Jiaxing (15)
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Article History
Received: 26 June 2025
Accepted: 16 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: This retrospective analysis utilized de-identified data from the CHARLS database. The original CHARLS study protocol was approved by the Ethical Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052–11015), and all participants provided written informed consent. Our secondary analysis adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Given the use of fully anonymized data, separate ethical approval and participant consent for this specific analysis were waived by our institution.
: All authors have reviewed and approved the final manuscript for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
