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Authors
Yang, Chao
Wang, Xiaobo
Kong, Youjin
Liu, Xiao
Sun, Qiuli
Huang, Xingxiao
Gao, Beibei
Huang, Jinyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Grant of Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine (XHSYS-02)
Grant of Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine (XHSYS-02)
Grant of Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine (XHSYS-02)
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Article History
Received: 1 July 2025
Accepted: 21 October 2025
First Online: 14 November 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. The data utilized in this study were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database (survey cycles 1999–2018). The NHANES project, conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) under the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, obtained formal approval from an Institutional Review Board (Protocol #98 − 12, #2005-06, #2011-17). Written informed consent was secured from all participants before their inclusion. As this research exclusively analyzed publicly available de-identified data, additional ethical review was waived under the Declaration of Helsinki and the exemption clauses of China’s Ethical Review Measures for Life Sciences and Medicine Research Involving Humans.
: Not applicable. This study did not contain any personally identifiable information (e.g., images, clinical details), and all data were anonymized group data publicly available from NHANES.
: The authors declare no competing interests. The funding source was not involved in study design, data analysis, or manuscript preparation.
