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Authors
Chiang, Cheng-Hung
Wang, Mei-Chi
Liu, En-Shao
Yang, Tse-Hsuan
Tai, Haw-Ting
Hung, Jeng-Fung
Kuo, Feng-Yu
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Article History
Received: 2 September 2025
Accepted: 28 October 2025
First Online: 25 November 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital (IRB No. VGHKS20-CT7-22). Given that this was a retrospective study using anonymized clinical data, the requirement for individual informed consent was waived by the IRB. All patient information was de-identified prior to analysis to ensure confidentiality and privacy. The research team strictly followed institutional and international guidelines for the ethical handling of human data.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
