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Authors
Li, Aobo
Mondal, Avilash
Balogun, Ayobamidele S.
Patel, Pranav V.
Kaulback, Kurt W.
Farmer, Alka
Lin, Zheng
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 2 December 2025
First Online: 11 December 2025
Declarations
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: Not applicable. IRB documentation PDF attached.We utilized the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) database for this study. As the NIS is a large, publicly available, de-identified dataset, the analysis represents secondary use of existing data. Therefore, individual patient consent was not required, as no personal identifiers are accessible and the study posed no direct risk to patients. The institutional Review Board (IRB) at Inspira Health also provides the exemption for this study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
