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Authors
Mi, Lingyu
Lakhani, Ishan
Lee, Sharen
Wong, Wing Tak
Tse, Gary
Fang, Fang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2023-GSP-GG-34)
Clinical and Translational Medicine Research Projects of CAMS (2023-I2M-C&T-B-057)
Key Technology Research and Device Development Project for Innovative Diagnosis and Treatment of Structural Heart Disease in the Southwest Plateau Region (202302AA310045)
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 17 December 2025
First Online: 30 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was approved by the Chinese University of Hong Kong–New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Approval numbers: 2018.309, 2018.643, 2019.338, 2019.361, and 2019.422). The requirement for informed consent was waived because the study used fully deidentified data from a retrospective cohort. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
