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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 22 December 2025

First Online: 3 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study is a secondary analysis of data from the 2022 TDHS-MIS, which was conducted by the Tanzania National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS) Zanzibar, with technical support from ICF International. Ethical approval for the original survey was obtained from the Tanzania National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), the Zanzibar Health Research Institute (ZAHRI), and the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). However, the specific Ethics Approval Number for the TDHS-MIS is not publicly available in the dataset documentation. The TDHS-MIS adhered to strict ethical guidelines to ensure participant confidentiality and privacy. Informed consent was obtained from all participants before data collection, and no personally identifiable information was included in the publicly available dataset. The dataset used in this study was accessed through the DHS Program after obtaining formal permission.Since this study involved the secondary analysis of anonymized data, no additional ethical approval was required from the principal investigator’s institution. The study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the ethical protection of participants’ rights and data integrity.

: This study uses de-identified, publicly available data from the 2022 TDHS-MIS, obtained with permission from the DHS Program. Therefore, no additional consent was required, as all results are presented in aggregate to ensure confidentiality.

: The authors declare no competing interests.