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Article History

Received: 23 November 2025

Accepted: 5 January 2026

First Online: 20 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The establishment and use of the MIMIC database adhere to the ethical guidelines stipulated in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (45 CFR 46), commonly referred to as the Common Rule, as well as the provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The data were de-identified in accordance with the HIPAA “Safe Harbor” method, which involves the removal of 18 categories of personally identifiable information, including names and dates, thereby exempting the requirement for individual patient consent. The MIMIC database meets HIPAA standards for de-identification and aligns with the ethical principles set forth in the Declaration of Helsinki. The collection and dissemination of the data were granted an ethical exemption by the Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) (Protocol No. 0403000206) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) (Protocol No. 2001-P-001699/14). Furthermore, the author Huang of this study has successfully completed the CITI ethics training program (Certification No. 61042076), fulfilling the necessary data access requirements, and thus this study is exempt from further patient consent or ethical review.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.