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Authors
Zhang, Hao
Li, Shun
Kan, Junpeng
Xia, Tingting
Cao, Ning
Chen, Hui
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82200284)
Training Fund for Open Projects at the Clinical Institutes and Departments of Capital Medical University (CCMU2024ZKYXZ003)
Beijing Natural Science Foundation (L2322116)
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Article History
Received: 28 November 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 17 January 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS study received ethical approval from the Beijing University Biomedical Ethics Review Board (IRB00001052-11015), and all participants provided written informed consent. The study methodology was carried out in accordance with approved guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. This study is an observational cohort study and does not involve a clinical trial; thus, a clinical trial number is not applicable.
: All the authors have read and approved the submission and final publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
