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Article History

Received: 12 December 2025

Accepted: 2 February 2026

First Online: 12 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve clinical data, human specimens, or experimental animals. All information used was derived from publicly available TikTok and Bilibili videos, and the data contained no personal identifiers. Furthermore, no direct interaction with platform users occurred, so ethical approval was not required.

: All authors have approved the manuscript and have provided consent for submission to the journal.

: The authors declare no competing interests.