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Authors
Du, Yuanze
Sun, Wenxue
Zhang, Jiaqi
Wang, Jinfeng
Deng, Kai
Qiao, Xiaowei
Zhang, Jie
Zhang, Xiaofang
Li, Yueyuan
Zhang, Xinyu
Yang, Xin
Cheng, Fangyu
Wang, Zongshuai
Wang, Chunping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Program of Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation (ZR2022MG032)
Weifang Science and Technology Project (2024JZ0011)
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Article History
Received: 9 June 2025
Accepted: 27 February 2026
First Online: 4 March 2026
Declarations
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: The research protocol for NHANES received formal approval from the Institutional Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Since the current study is a secondary analysis of publicly available NHANES data, it was classified as exempt from further Institutional Review Board review in accordance with established ethical guidelines for secondary data analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
