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Article History

Received: 5 January 2026

Accepted: 9 March 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Our data was extracted from a publicly accessible database, MIMIC-IV, which is openly accessible. Use of the MIMIC database was approved by the Beth Israel Women’s Deaconess Medical Center and the MIT Institutional Review Board, and all patient information in the database is anonymized and therefore does not require informed consent. We completed online courses and exams and gained access to the database [ID: 12103148].

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.