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Article History

Received: 18 January 2026

Accepted: 20 March 2026

First Online: 27 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The data were obtained from the MIMIC-IV database (v3.0). The use of the MIMIC-IV database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC). The requirement for individual patient consent was waived because the project did not impact clinical care and all protected health information was de-identified. One of the authors (H.H.) obtained full access to the database (Certification Number: 64961191).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.