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Authors
Chen, Qiang https://orcid.org/0009-0001-7490-6169
Fang, Huafeng https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3668-6805
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Article History
Received: 20 February 2026
Accepted: 25 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: This study utilized data from CHARLS, which was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Biomedical Ethics Committee of Peking University. The ethical approval number for the main household survey was IRB 00001052–11015, and for biomarker collection, IRB 00001052-1101417. All participants provided written informed consent prior to participation.
: All participants provided written informed consent for participation and publication as part of the CHARLS study protocol.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
