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Authors
Gohar, Najam
Ahmed, Faizan
Ahmed, Haziq
Altaf, Muhammad Taha
Asim, Omama
Ismail, Sulman
Butt, Muhammad Waleed Anjum
Naeem, Khadija
Ismail, Hammad https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3501-7377
Haider, Faseeh
Ali, Ramsha
Shafqat, Madeeha
Kotadiya, Fenilkumar
Shah, Haider Hussain
Aman, Kainat
Bakr, Mohamed
Patel, Swapnil
Hossain, Mohammad
Alenezi, Fawaz
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2025
Accepted: 27 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study used data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a publicly available, de-identified database. According to the policies of the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP), studies using NIS data do not involve human subjects as defined by federal regulations. Therefore, Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval and informed consent to participate were waived. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
