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Authors
Wang, Tianlong
Wang, Xiaohu
Zhou, Xingtong
Chen, Haibo
Du, Juan
Zou, Liang
Wang, Jian
Yan, Shujie
Liu, Gang
Teng, Yuan
Qing, Ping
Duan, Funjian
Chen, Yi
Zhang, Zhipeng
Ji, Bingyang
Wang, Xianqiang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding (2025-GSP-GG-9)
Beijing Outstanding Young Scientist Program (2024-BZZQ01)
National Key R&D Program of China (2023-ZDYF14)
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Article History
Received: 2 February 2026
Accepted: 2 April 2026
First Online: 13 April 2026
Declarations
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: This study was consistent with the Declaration of Helsinki and received multicenter ethics approval from the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Approval No. LVAD 2025-2961). The data was obtained from electronic medical records of four medical centers: Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Beijing), Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (Shenzhen), FuWai Yunnan Cardiovascular Hospital (Yunnan), Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital (Henan). Due to the retrospective nature of this study, IRB waived informed consent requirements.
: Not applied.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
