Document is current

Article History

Received: 30 October 2025

Accepted: 8 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was carried out in accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (published by the National Institutes of Health, USA, 8th edition, 2011) and the ethical standards of the Animal Ethics Committee of Kangtai Medical Laboratory Service Hebei Co., Ltd. The experimental protocol was reviewed and formally approved by this committee (Approval Number: MDL2025-07-23-02; Approval Date: 2025-07-20). All efforts were made to minimize the number of laboratory animals used and alleviate their potential suffering: for example, sterile operation techniques were adopted during sample collection to avoid infection, and euthanasia was performed via carbon dioxide inhalation in accordance with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals (2020 edition) when necessary. Public databases used in this study are publicly available resources, and therefore no additional authorization is required.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.