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Article History

Received: 20 January 2026

Accepted: 16 April 2026

First Online: 22 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using fully de-identified, publicly available data from CHARLS and ELSA. Both CHARLS and ELSA obtained ethical approval from their respective institutional review boards, and all participants provided informed consent at the time of original data collection. Because the present analysis involved secondary use of anonymized data and did not include any direct interaction with human subjects, additional ethical approval was not required in accordance with national and institutional regulations, including the Measures for the Ethical Review of Life Science and Medical Research Involving Human Subjects (2023, China).

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.