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Authors
Xiang, Xiao-Jun
Sun, Xiao-Long
Ma, Dong-Yu
Ma, Li
Liu, Meng-Yang
Li, Jian-Feng
Zhang, Wen-Bo
Wang, Yin-Di
Xie, Ping
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child-Care Hospital (GMCCH2024-3-1)
“Innovation Star” Program for Postgraduates of the Gansu Provincial Department of Education (Grant No. 2026CXZX-910)
Lanzhou Science and Technology Program (2025-2-187)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (8246020036)
Major Project of the Joint Research Fund of Gansu Province (24JRRA886)
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Article History
Received: 8 February 2026
Accepted: 18 May 2026
First Online: 22 May 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the relevant institutional and national research committees. The use of data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) database was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Access to the eICU Collaborative Research Database was approved by the Western Institutional Review Board. Both databases contain fully de-identified patient information; therefore, the requirement for informed consent was waived by the corresponding ethics committees.
: Not applicable. This study is based exclusively on secondary analysis of anonymized, retrospective data from publicly available critical care databases. No identifiable individual-level information is included in this manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
