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Authors
Gao, Yue
Chen, Huiwen
Li, Jiawen
Chen, Mengli
Zhang, Haifeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX25_0528)
SEU Innovation Capability Enhancement Plan for Doctoral Students (CXJH_SEU 25234)
Gusu Health Personnel Training Project (GSWS2024042)
Suzhou Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease (SZS2024015)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82270394)
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Article History
Received: 17 November 2025
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 22 June 2026
Declarations
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: The NHANES research protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics Institutional Review Board, and all participants provided written informed consent. As this study used deidentified, publicly available NHANES data, it was deemed exempt from additional review under ethical guidelines for secondary data analysis.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
