Wang, Liu
Luo, Chun
Shao, Yanxiao
Xie, Xiaohui
Huang, Xiaoqin
Article History
Received: 22 April 2026
Accepted: 16 June 2026
First Online: 22 July 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: The CHARLS was conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-11015). All participants provided written informed consent prior to enrollment.
Consent for publication: Not applicable. This manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data, images, or videos. All data are from the publicly available CHARLS database, which has obtained broad informed consent including publication from all participants.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.